[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] Introduction.

[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] Springer, Abraham^*,1, Stevens, Lawrence², Anderson, Diana¹, Parnell, Roderic¹, Kreamer, David³, Flora, Stephen³, ¹ Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ² Consulting ecologist, Flagstaff, AZ³ University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada Springs classification, hydrology, geomorphology, geochemistry, and distribution.

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[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] Meretsky, Vicky^*,1, Spence, John², Stevens, Lawrence³, ¹ School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Bloomington, IN² Glen Canyon National Recreation Area, Page, AZ³ Consulting Ecologist, Flagstaff, AZ Southwestern springs vegetation: biogeography, human impacts, and restoration.

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[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] North, Eric^*,1, Baumann, Richard², Herschler, Robert³, Kingsley, Ken⁴, Kondratieff, Boris⁵, Nekola, Jeffrey⁶, Stevens, Lawrence⁷, ¹ Northern Michigan University, Marquette, MI² 290 MLBM, Provo, UT³ Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC⁴ SWCA, Inc., Tuscon, AZ⁵ Department of Agricultural and Pest Management, Fort Collins, CO⁶ Department of Natural and Applied Science, Green Bay, WI⁷ Stevens Ecological Consulting, Flagstaff, AZ Invertebrate Diversity at North American Springs: Biogeography and Conservation Status.

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[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] UNMACK, PETER^*,1, ¹ Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA Springs and desert fishes: Their ecology, management, and restoration.

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[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] Break.

[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] Dayton, Gage^*,1, Rosen, P.², Scwalbe, C.³, Stevens, L. E.⁴, Painter, C.⁵, Jennings, R.⁶, ¹ Texas A&M University, College Station, TX² University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ³ Consulting Ecologist, Flagstaff, AZ⁴ New Mexico Game and Fish Department, Albuquerque, NM⁵ Western New Mexico University, Silver City, NM⁶ Herpetofauna of North American springs: biogeography and conservation.

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[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] FAIRLEY, HELEN^*,1, NABHAN, GARY², HAYNES, C.³, ¹ Grand Canyon Wildlands Council, Flagstaff, AZ, USA² Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA³ University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721 Springs and humans: an anthropological and historical view of ecosystem management.

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[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] Perla, Bianca^*,1, Stevens, Lawrence^1,2, Burke, Kelly¹, Johnson, R.J.^2,3, ¹ Grand Canyon Wildlands Council, Flagstaff, AZ, 86001² Stevens Ecological Consulting, Flagstaff, AZ³ Geosciences Consulting, Boulder City, NV Springs as keystone habitats: a case study from the Arizona Strip.

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[UNKNOWN: PRESTIME] STEVENS, LAWRENCE^*,1, MERETSKY, VICKY², ¹ Consulting Ecologist, Flagstaff, AZ, USA² Indiana University, Bloomington, IN Towards a national initiative on springs conservation and restoration.

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