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Large river rehabilitation within anaAdaptive management framework: Setting achievable goals and objectives. Galat, David*,1, Bernhardt, Emily 2, Lubinski, Kenneth3, Palmer, Margaret4, Theiling, Charles5, Wilcox, Daniel6, 1 U. S Geological Survey, Universtiy of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA2 Duke University, Durham, NC, USA3 U. S. Geological Survey, LaCrosse, WI, USA4 Uinversity of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA5 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Rock Island, IL, USA6 U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, St. Paul, MN, USA ABSTRACT- Major rivers in the Americas are some of the most degraded ecosystems and efforts are underway to rehabilitate or restore their ecological functions within a context of competing human uses. We review guidelines for ecologically successful restoration: a guiding image exists, ecosystems are improved, resilience is increased, no lasting harm is done, and an ecological assessment is completed. Specifying goals and objectives for restoration projects is the most important aspect of restoration as it provides sets expectations, drives plans for action, and determines the kind and extent of pre-and post project monitoring. We use the Upper Mississippi River (UMR) Ecological Sustainability Program to illustrate an approach to defining goals and objectives for ecological restoration. This image for the UMR is influenced by twentieth century changes to the rivers hydrology, geomorphology, and biology from navigation, levee construction, channelization, and human settlement. Goals in the context of river management and restoration are stated as broad societal values and desired future conditions. They provide the guiding image of the dynamic, ecologically healthy river or other ecosystem that could exist within a regional context. We show a tiered approach to setting goals and objectives that emphasizes their hierarchical nature. First tier objectives for ecological restoration are developed within broadly defined essential ecosystem characteristics (EECs) of biogeochemistry (water quality), geomorphology, hydrology/river hydraulics, habitat, and biota. Operational objectives are then established using the SMART criteria of Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Results oriented, and Time dependent. Billions of $US are currently being spent on river restoration in the U.S. and Mexico with little evaluation of ecological success. Thus it is imperative that funding agencies and restoration practitioners within the Americas adopt accountable criteria for setting goals and objectives and measuring ecological success. SPANISH ABSTRACT- Los ríos grandes de las Americas son algunos de las ecosistemas mas degredados y esfuerzos ya existen para rehabilitar o restaurar sus funciones ecolocigicos dentro del contexte de los usos humanos con que se competen. Las cuerdas de guía para asegurar que se restore a los ríos ecologicamente y con exito son: que existe una imagen o visíon como guía, que las ecosistemas se mejoren, que aumenta su resistencia, que se evite daño al largo plazo, y que se comple con un plan ecologico. El primero y más important es especificar las metas y objetivos para los proyectos de restauracíon porque así se estabalece las expectaciones, se dirige las activides, y se determina el tipo de monitoreo antes y después del proyecto. Usamos el Upper Mississippi River (UMR) Ecological Sustainability Program para ilustrar el método para definir las metas e objetivos para restaurar ríos o para cualquier programa de restoracíon ecologico. |
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