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1H a/b/c - Pesticides, pharmaceuticals, perfluoroalkylated substances, antibiotics (WEP/36) Pharmaceuticals, metabolites, and caffeine in sewage and seawater from Norway and in the North Sea. Weigel, Stefan1, Hühnerfuss, Heinrich1, Kallenborn, Roland2, 1 Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, HH, Germany2 Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Tromsĝ, Troms, Norway ABSTRACT- In the course of the 1990s, residues of pharmaceuticals were established as frequent contaminants in different types of water. The majority of the reported studies focussed on sewage effluent and surface waters in temperate regions. For a comprehensive ecotoxicological fate assessment of pharmaceuticals in aquatic ecosystems it is crucial to elucidate their presence and behaviour with regard to regional and climate parameters, as certain environmental processes, e.g., transformation, are severely affected by temperature, pH, salinity and biological activity. The presented investigations were aimed to determine the presence and levels of selected pharmaceuticals in North Sea water as well as in sewage and seawater from Tromsø, Northern Norway. Among the investigated compounds were clofibric acid, propyphenazone, diclofenac, ibuprofen and its metabolites hydroxy- and carboxy-ibuprofen, as well as the antibacterial agent triclosan and the stimulant caffeine. In the North Sea, only caffeine and clofibric acid showed a widespread distribution at concentrations between 2 and 16 ng/L (caffeine) and up to 1.4 ng/L (clofibric acid). In Tromsø sewage effluent (water phase) the presence of five compounds was confirmed in all samples: caffeine (20-293 Key words: solid-phase extraction, pharmaceuticals, caffeine, ibuprofen (hydroxy- and carboxy-) |
g/L), ibuprofen, hydroxy- and carboxy-ibuprofen (
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